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WAJA JOURNAL 50
$50.00-
An Ethno-archaeological Survey of Subsistence Agriculture Among Qua’anpan Hill Settlements in Southern Jos Plateau, Nigeria
$10.00An Ethno-archaeological Survey of Subsistence Agriculture Among Qua’anpan
Hill Settlements in Southern Jos Plateau, Nigeria
By
Na’ankwat Yola Kwapnoe
Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies
University of Jos.
Email: [email protected]
Phone No: +2347068150891Abstract
Early agricultural practices are a defining factor for early human settlements around
the world. Today, many agricultural/farming communities dominate Africa but the
history of their success as agriculturists is not documented in order to trace the
foundation upon which this is built and to further develop it. Presently, most farming
activities in Qua’anpan, located on the southern edge of the Jos Plateau, is done on
plain frontier lands on the Benue trough. However, this paper seeks to discuss early
indigenous agricultural practices among the inhabitants of the hill settlements
(homeland) of present day Qua’anpan, particularly the pan people because this
formed the foundation for the large scale and mostly commercial agriculture that is
practiced today among the people. This includes their system of crop farming, animal
domestication, types of crops produced and other subsistence practices such as
storage practices and the continuity of such.Using surface archaeological and
ethnographic data, this work reveals subsistence agricultural practices that were
developed traditionally by the peopleand still sustained centuries later. It is hoped that
the knowledge of traditional agriculture among the Pan which involves
commercialization born from food sufficiency can be adopted to solve some of Africa’s
food problems and bring about development in health and education.
Keywords: Pan, Subsistence, agriculture, ethno-archaeology, Jos Plateau, food
sufficiency -
Ethnoarchaeological Survey of Ugbene-Ajima, Enugu, Nigeria
$10.00Ethnoarchaeological Survey of
Ugbene-Ajima, Enugu, NigeriaBy
Elochukwu A. Nwankwo
Department of Archaeology and Tourism,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
[email protected],
Edmund I. Itanyi
Department of Archaeology and Tourism,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
[email protected]
Jacinta U. IkegwuHumanities Unit, School of General Studies,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
[email protected]
Joshua O. Uzuegbu
Humanities Unit, School of General Studies,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
[email protected]
Uchenna H. Obieluem
Department of Archaeology and Tourism,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
[email protected].and
Peter N. ObochiDepartment of Archaeology and Tourism,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
[email protected]Abstract
This paper is a report of an ethnoarchaeological investigation of Ugbene-Ajima in
Enugu State, Nigeria by a team of researchers. This was aimed at studying the
archaeological resources of the people with a view to interpret and reconstruct the
peoples past. Relevant archaeological methods and analyses like reconnaissance,
ethnography, excavation, stratigraphy and pottery analysis were employed to analyze
data collated. The result of the study shows that Ugbene- Ajima has rich
archaeological history. This is evidenced in the different slags and slag pits that
showed that iron smelting was carried out in the community in the past. Others include,
iron smelting technology debris, blacksmith technology, ancient pottery forms, cowries,
and other archaeological materials that were retrieved during a systematic excavation.
The implication of the study is that it will spur the community for further and more
detailed archaeological investigation future archaeologists
Keywords: Ethnoarchaeology; Archaeology; Excavation, Stratigrahpy, Iron
smelting; Pottery analysis. -
KANSYORE CRESCENTS: MULTIPURPOSE FUNCTIONAL TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY.
$10.00KANSYORE CRESCENTS: MULTIPURPOSE FUNCTIONAL
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY.By
Kyazike ElizabethDepartment of History and Political Science
Kyambogo University
P.O. Box 1. Kyambo
Email: ekyzike kyu.ac.ugAbstract
Results indicate that Kansyore Island crescents are of various sizes
leading to a suggestion that they performed different functions.
However, the causes for this variation remains unclear. In order to
address that, this paper examines the nature of raw material
procurement processes for the production of crescents, the use of
crescents as well as their evolution over time at Kansyore Island that
indicates humanity’s technological complexity. It also investigates
factors for the preference of crescents that dominate the Later Stone
Age (LSA) backed tool kit at Kansyore Island and Nsongezi. The aim
is to examine the variation in tool sizes and the way in which crescents
were utilised by humans using their forms, edge modifications and edge
damage. This is significant in understanding the evolution of projectile
technology and giving insights into food procurement processes and
subsistence economy and the way the Later Stone Age (LSA) people
adapted and controlled the changing environment that characterised
most of Africa at that age. This was done using both archaeological
survey and excavation at Kansyore Island and the Nsongezi areas. The
Kansyore are a unique LSA group who combined use of lithics with
ceramics. The examination of Kansyore Island material is based on the
fact that limited attention has been given to the Kansyore culture at
Kansyore Island the type site and so far the limited work has laid
emphasis on ceramics such as the works of Chapman, (1967) and
Kyazike (2013). Collet and Robertshaw (1980) identified two crescents
but emphasis was also on the ceramics. -
Towards Poverty Alleviation: Public Archaeology, Heritage Management and Museum in Nigeria
$10.00Samuel Oluwole Ogundele (Ph.D.),
Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan,
Ibadan, NIGERIA.
E-mail: [email protected]Abstract
This paper is an attempt to develop an understanding and knowledge of
archaeology within the broader context of cultural heritage
management/conservation in Nigeria. Nigerian archaeology is yet to witness some
exponential growth in several senses as a result of unbridled rigidity about the
conceptualisation and practice of the profession. Most Nigerian archaeologists are
still painfully unable to craft a spirit of openness and teamwork as they continually
allow competing legitimacies and sometimes, primordial hegemonies to occupy a
conspicuous space in their vocabularies of popular and professional discourses.
Consequently, the caricatures of archaeology and museum studies cannot be
shattered.
For archaeology to become a very socially engaging area of human
endeavour, it has to begin to dance creatively with such fields as museology, fine art,
robotics and cinematography. While it is a truism, that core archaeological
concepts and methods must not be jettisoned, the realities of today demand a much
bigger space for knowledge applications in order to capture contemporary
sensitivities and aspirations. This latter part of modern archaeological heritage
management straddles the sphere of museum operations. It entails site replication
using a myriad of cutting-edge digital technologies to make a given locale come
alive for educational/historical purposes and tourism.
Today’s Nigeria cannot afford to be doing archaeology as if it is a mere
academic pastime or esoteric enterprise, in the face of numerous challenges and
problems bordering on youth unemployment, underemployment, political
instability and shrinking economic space arising mainly from monumental
corruption, that has become a tradition of the political class including its business
associates.
There are several world-class archaeological site complexes in Nigeria that
are long overdue for a replication exercise. These include the Taruga iron-working
site in central Nigeria; Igbo-Ukwu burial chamber in the east and Old Oyo in the
west. A replication operation is not tantamount to a total transformation of a site
86
W. Afr. J. Archaeol. Vol. 45 (1) 2015
into a tourist destination. Only a section or sections is/are needed. The remaining
part of the site is left for future archaeological research. This is sustainable
archaeological heritage management in action! This re-construction work derives
from thoroughgoing field and laboratory research and not speculation. Therefore,
profound heritage scholarship cannot be crippled or cannibalised when
archaeological sites are conceptualised of, as a special industry anchored on
history, economy, spirituality and social liberation. However, for optimum
efficiency in all its ramifications, a heritage management activity of this magnitude
has to give enough space to the philosophy of private-public entrepreneurism so
that it (heritage management) can remain afloat the stream of sustainable
development. Andah (1990) has also made some inroads into aspects of this subject
– Cultural Resource Management with a special emphasis on the African
experience. -
WAJA VOLUME 51 FULL
$50.00WEST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAELOGY
REVUE OUEST AFRICAINE d ARCHEOLOGIE
WEST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAELOGY
REVUE OUEST AFRICAINE d ARCHEOLOGIE
ISSN 0331-3158
Edited by
David A. Aremu
Assisted by
Jonathan O. Aleru and Aicha Toure Gninin
Volume 51 (1&2) 2021
Published on Behalf of West African Archaeological
Association by the Editorial Board of WAJA
i
Editorial Board
1- Editorial Board
Ballouche, A. – Universite d’ Angers, France
Boachie-Ansah, J. – University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
Derefaka, A. A. – University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Jemkur, J. – University of Jos, Nigeria
Okafor, E. E. – University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Apoh W. – President, W.A.A.A. (Ex-officio)
Kouassi K. S. – Treasurer, W.A.A.A. (Ex-officio)
2- Advisory Board
Professor H. Bocoun
Professor T. Champion
Professor A. F. C. Holl
Professor J. B. Kiethega
Professor M. A. Sowunmi
Professor J. Mangut
Professor Isa Tijjani
Editor-in-chief: – David A. Aremu
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Associate Editors: – Jonathan O. Aleru (Anglophone)
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Aicha Toure Gninin
Assistante, Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Development (ISAD)
UFR-SHS Universite Felix Honphouet – Biology Cocody – Abidjan, Cote d’ Ivoire
Business Manager: – R. A. Alabi,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Assist. Business Managers – Kingsley C.Daraojimba
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
– Z. A. Gundu,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
ii
Note to Contributors
Contributors are advised to follow our format in preparing their contributions. We do not accept footnote referencing. All references must be compiled alphabetically at the end of the paper with the surname of authors coming first, followed, by year of publication, then the title of paper and the medium of publication. ALL ILLUSTRATIONS MUST BE DIGITALIZED AND SHOULD HAVE GOOD CONTRAST AND NOT BE TOO MANY. THEY SHOULD BE AT THE END OF THE TEXT BEFORE THE LIST OF REFERENCES. An electronic copy of the text and the illustrations should be sent with two hard copies.
The software used must be indicated. However, we advise any of the following: Microsoft Office – MS – Word, Adobe Page Maker 7 or WordPerfect 8. All contributions not conforming to the above requirements will be rejected.
Papers are to be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief:
Prof. David A. Aremu
(email: [email protected])
Department of Archaeology and anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Or
The Business Manager,
Prof. Raphael A. Alabi
(email: [email protected])
Department of Archaeology and anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
iii
List of Contributors
Akinwumi Ogundiran, Department of African Studies, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA.
Okopi Ade, Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, University of Jos, Nigeria.
Akinbowale M. AKINTAYO, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Elochukwu A. Nwankwo, Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Edmund I. Itanyi, Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Jacinta U. Ikegwu, Humanities Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
Joshua O. Uzuegbu, Humanities Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
Uchenna H. Obieluem, Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
Peter N. Obochi, Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
Daniel, Kenechukwu, Ibeanu Anselm, Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Edwin E. Okafor, Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria Nsukka
Elochukwu A. Nwankwo, Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria Nsukka.
John U. Ngonadi, Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria Nsukka
iv
Victoria Stephen Nimzing , Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies,
University of Jos, Nigeria.
Joshua Okenwa Uzuegbu (Ph.D), Humanities Unit, School of General Studies
University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
Anselm M. Ibeanu (Prof), Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka
KOUADIO Aya Anita Sandrine, (Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement (ISAD), Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan /Côte d’Ivoire)
KIENON-KABORE Timpoko Hélène, (Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement (ISAD), Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan /Côte d’Ivoire)
HOUPHOUËT Gnankou Florent Sosthène, (Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement (ISAD), Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan /Côte d’Ivoire)
KIENON-KABORE Timpoko Hélène, (Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement (ISAD), Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan /Côte d’Ivoire)
KOBENAN AttaBradjé Jacob, Docteur en Archéologie, Membre de l’équipe de recherche « Archéologie Technique et Patrimoine (A.T.Pa) », Côte d’Ivoire
BALLO Djalia, Doctorante en Archéologie (ISAD), Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny – Côte d’Ivoire.
Mitanhantcha YEO, Université Alassane Ouattara-Côte d’Ivoire.
SANOGO Tiantio, Archéologue Unité pédagogique d’Archéologie Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement (ISAD) Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan- Côte d’Ivoire.
TOURE Gninin Aïcha, Unité Pédagogique d’Archéologie de l’Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement (ISAD) Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Cocody-Abidjan- Côte d’Ivoire.
v
Table of Contents
Pages
Editorial Board:………………………………………………………….…………………..…ii
Note to Contributors:……..…………………………………..… ………………………………iii
List of Contributors:………………………………….………………………..……………….iv
Akinwumi Ogundiran, Okopi Ade, Mejiro Rockshelter: Revisiting theLater Stone Age Sequence in Oyo-Ile, Nigeria………………………………………………………………………..1
Akinbowale M. AKINTAYO, Investigation into Site Re-Occupation Mechanism in Ijaye-Orile, Southwest Nigeria: A Theoretical Approach……………………………….15
Elochukwu A. Nwankwo, Edmund I. Itanyi, Jacinta U. Ikegwu, Joshua O. Uzuegbu, Uchenna H. Obieluem, Peter N. Obochi, Ethnoarchaeological Survey of Ugbene-Ajima, Enugu, Nigeria………………………………………………………………………….29
1Daniel, Kenechukwu, 2Ibeanu Anselm, Archaeological investigation of iron smelting in Ukehe, Nsukka Southeast, Nigeria…………………………………………………….49
Edwin E. Okafor, Elochukwu A. Nwankwo, John U. Ngonadi, 60 Years of Archaeological Research and Practice in Southeast Nigeria: An Appraisal……………..63
Victoria Stephen Nimzing, Ethnographic Study of the TarokTraditional Marriage System in Plateau State, Nigeria………………………………………………………………………..84
Joshua Okenwa Uzuegbu , Anselm M. Ibeanu, Preliminary Report of Archaeological Excavation at Oke-Otu Abandoned Settlement in Otu-Egunbe, Kabba, Kogi State, North-Central Nigeria…………………………………………………………………………………………………………100
KOUADIO Aya Anita Sandrine, KIENON-KABORE, Timpoko Hélène, Techniques de confection du tissu en coton chez les Baoulé de Tiebissou………….118
HOUPHOUËT Gnankou Florent Sosthène1, KIENON-KABORE Timpoko Hélène2 ,Contexte actuel des sites et vestiges métallurgiques de la région du Gbêkê au centre de la Côte d’Ivoire : cas du canton Kpekplessou………………………………………128
vi
KOBENAN AttaBradjé Jacob, BALLO Djalia, Les sites de la métallurgie du fer de la région du Folon au nord-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire…………………………………………..141
Mitanhantcha YEO, Aspects sociaux de l’activité céramique dans le Hambol : centre-nord de la Cȏte d’Ivoire…………………………………………………………………………………..154
SANOGO Tiantio, Étude de la céramique du site de Diamakani-Tengrela (nord-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire)…………………………………………………………………………………………167
TOURE Gninin Aïcha, Décors et fonctions des récipients Kpimblé : un patrimoine senoufo quasi méconnu dans le nord de la Côte d’Ivoire………………………………………183
vii
-
Mejiro Rockshelter: Revisiting the Later Stone Age Sequence in Oyo-Ile, Nigeria
$10.00Mejiro Rockshelter: Revisiting the Later Stone Age Sequence in
Oyo-Ile, Nigeria
Akinwumi Ogundiran
Department of Africana Studies,University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223 (USA)
[email protected]
Okopi AdeDepartment of Archaeology and Heritage Studies,
University of Jos, Jos (Nigeria)
[email protected]Abstract
The first scientific excavation in Oyo-Ile (1956-57) took place in Mejiro Rockshelter,
where Frank Willett uncovered the Later Stone Age and Yoruba (Oyo) occupation
levels. In this article, we seek to resolve two issues raised by Frank Willett, which were
not satisfactorily answered in his reports. First, Willett proposed that there was a
ceramic LSA level in the archaeological sequence. Second, hesuggested that there was
an encounter between the LSA and the later Yoruba populations. Our stratigraphic
excavations, carried out in the dripline of the rockshelter in 2018, have now clarified
the relationships between these two occupation phases. In this study, we discuss why
we excavated the Mejiro rockshelter. We then describe the stratigraphic sequence of
the two units that we excavated in 2018 and the typological attributes of the
microlithic assemblage. The findings enable us to resolve the puzzle raised in Frank
Willett’s work. First, there was no ceramic LSA in the archaeological sequence,and
the microlithic technology in Oyo-Ile could only have supporteda hunting-gathering
subsistence economy. Second, we conclude that there was no encounter between the
LSA and Oyo populations. The two occupations were separated by a hiatus of two or
more millennia. The results provide a new framework for the study of the LSA
sequence in Oyo-Ile. -
WAJA JOURNAL 50
$50.00WEST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAELOGY
REVUE OUEST AFRICAINE d’ ARCHEOLOGIE
WEST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAELOGY
REVUE OUEST AFRICAINE d’ ARCHEOLOGIE
ISSN 0331-3158
Edited by
David A. Aremu
Assisted by
Jonathan O. Aleru and Aicha Toure Gninin
Volume 50 (1&2) 2020
Published on Behalf of West African Archaeological
Association by the Editorial Board of WAJA
i
EDITORIAL
1- Editorial Board
Ballouche, A. – Universite d’ Angers, France
Boachie-Ansah, J .- University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
Derefaka, A. A. – University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Jemkur, J. – University of Jos, Nigeria
Okafor, E. E. – University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Apoh W. – President, W.A.A.A. (Ex- officio)
Kouassi K. S. – Treasurer, W.A.A.A. (Ex-officio)
2- Advisory Board
Professor H. Bocoun
Professor T. Champion
Professor A. F. C. Holl
Professor J. B. Kiethega
Professor M. A. Sowunmi
Professor J. Mangut
Professor Isa Tijjani
Editor-in-chief: – David A. Aremu
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Associate Editors: – Jonathan O. Aleru (Anglophone)
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Aicha Toure Gninin
Assistante, Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Development (ISAD)
UFR-SHS Universite Felix Honphouet – Biology Cocody – Abidjan, Cote d’ Ivoire
Business Manager: – R. A. Alabi,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Assist. Business Managers – Kingsley C. Daraojimba University of Nigeria, Nsukka
– Z. A. Gundu,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
ii
Note to Contributors
Contributors are advised to follow our format in preparing their contributions. We do not accept footnote referencing. All references must be compiled alphabetically at the end of the paper with the surname of authors coming first, followed, by year of publication, then the title of paper and the medium of publication. ALL ILLUSTRATIONS MUST BE DIGITALIZED AND SHOULD HAVE GOOD CONTRAST AND NOT BE TOO MANY. THEY SHOULD BE AT THE END OF THE TEXT BEFORE THE LIST OF REFERENCES. An electronic copy of the text and the illustrations should be sent with two hard copies.
The software used must be indicated. However, we advise any of the following: Microsoft Office – MS – Word, Adobe Page Maker 7 or WordPerfect 8. All contributions not conforming to the above requirements will be rejected.
Papers are to be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief:
Prof. David A. Aremu
(email: [email protected])
Department of Archaeology and anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Or
The Business Manager,
Prof. Raphael A. Alabi
(email: [email protected])
Department of Archaeology and anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
iii
List of Contributors
Macham Mangut and J.O. Aleru, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology
University of Ibadan.
Kyazike Elizabeth, Department of History and Political Science, Kyambogo University
David Akwasi Mensah Abrampah, Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies
University of Ghana.
David A. Aremu and Abiola Ibirogba, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Olusegun Opadeji, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Ibadan
Khady Niang and Matar Ndiaye, Faculté des Lettres et sciences Humaines, Université Cheikh Anta Diop.
Otobong Enefiok Akpan, Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Opêoluwa Blandine AGBAKA, Institut National des Métiers d’Arts, d’Archéologie et de la Culture (INMAAC) Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC) Bénin
AHOUEJean- Jacques, Unité pédagogique d’Archéologie Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement (ISAD) Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan – Côte d’Ivoire
KOUAME Affoua Eugénie, Archéologue Département d’Archéologie de l’Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement (ISAD) Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny
Cocody-Abidjan- Côte d’Ivoire
Biveridge, Fritz.PhD, Institution of affiliation: University of Ghana, Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies
AKA Atché Michel, Archéologue Unité pédagogique d’Archéologie de l’Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement(ISAD) Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan – Côte d’Ivoire.
iv
Simon AGANI, Etudiant en Master Histoire Université Abdou Moumouni du Niger
Goeti BiIrié Maxime, Gaille Elodie and Kiénon-KaboreTimpoko Hélène
Unité Pédagogique d’Archéologie de l’Institut des Sciences
Anthropologiques de Développement (ISAD)Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny / Cocody-Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire
Gaille Elodie2 Conservatrice en ethnobotanique Responsable de l’espace d’accueil et d’expositions / Jardin botanique de Neuchâtel Pertuis-du-Sault 58 / CH-2000 Neuchâtel
Asma’u Ahmed Giade (PhD), Department of Archaeology Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Oyinloye, O.Olanrewaju, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
Omoraiyewa Olaniyi, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
-
WAJA JOURNAL 49 FULL
$50.00WEST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAELOGY
REVUE OUEST AFRICAINE d’ ARCHEOLOGIE
ISSN 0331-3158
Edited by
David A. Aremu
Assisted by
Jonathan O. Aleru and Aicha Toure Gninin
Volume 50 (1&2) 2020
Published on Behalf of West African Archaeological
Association by the Editorial Board of WAJA
i
EDITORIAL
1- Editorial Board
Ballouche, A. – Universite d’ Angers, France
Boachie-Ansah, J .- University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
Derefaka, A. A. – University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Jemkur, J. – University of Jos, Nigeria
Okafor, E. E. – University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Apoh W. – President, W.A.A.A. (Ex- officio)
Kouassi K. S. – Treasurer, W.A.A.A. (Ex-officio)
2- Advisory Board
Professor H. Bocoun
Professor T. Champion
Professor A. F. C. Holl
Professor J. B. Kiethega
Professor M. A. Sowunmi
Professor J. Mangut
Professor Isa Tijjani
Editor-in-chief: – David A. Aremu
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Associate Editors: – Jonathan O. Aleru (Anglophone)
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Aicha Toure Gninin
Assistante, Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Development (ISAD)
UFR-SHS Universite Felix Honphouet – Biology Cocody – Abidjan, Cote d’ Ivoire
Business Manager: – R. A. Alabi,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Assist. Business Managers – Kingsley C. Daraojimba University of Nigeria, Nsukka
– Z. A. Gundu,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
ii
Note to Contributors
Contributors are advised to follow our format in preparing their contributions. We do not accept footnote referencing. All references must be compiled alphabetically at the end of the paper with the surname of authors coming first, followed, by year of publication, then the title of paper and the medium of publication. ALL ILLUSTRATIONS MUST BE DIGITALIZED AND SHOULD HAVE GOOD CONTRAST AND NOT BE TOO MANY. THEY SHOULD BE AT THE END OF THE TEXT BEFORE THE LIST OF REFERENCES. An electronic copy of the text and the illustrations should be sent with two hard copies.
The software used must be indicated. However, we advise any of the following: Microsoft Office – MS – Word, Adobe Page Maker 7 or WordPerfect 8. All contributions not conforming to the above requirements will be rejected.
Papers are to be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief:
Prof. David A. Aremu
(email: [email protected])
Department of Archaeology and anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Or
The Business Manager,
Prof. Raphael A. Alabi
(email: [email protected])
Department of Archaeology and anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
iii
List of Contributors
Macham Mangut and J.O. Aleru, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology
University of Ibadan.
Kyazike Elizabeth, Department of History and Political Science, Kyambogo University
David Akwasi Mensah Abrampah, Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies
University of Ghana.
David A. Aremu and Abiola Ibirogba, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Olusegun Opadeji, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Ibadan
Khady Niang and Matar Ndiaye, Faculté des Lettres et sciences Humaines, Université Cheikh Anta Diop.
Otobong Enefiok Akpan, Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Opêoluwa Blandine AGBAKA, Institut National des Métiers d’Arts, d’Archéologie et de la Culture (INMAAC) Université d’Abomey-Calavi (UAC) Bénin
AHOUEJean- Jacques, Unité pédagogique d’Archéologie Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement (ISAD) Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan – Côte d’Ivoire
KOUAME Affoua Eugénie, Archéologue Département d’Archéologie de l’Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement (ISAD) Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny
Cocody-Abidjan- Côte d’Ivoire
Biveridge, Fritz.PhD, Institution of affiliation: University of Ghana, Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies
AKA Atché Michel, Archéologue Unité pédagogique d’Archéologie de l’Institut des Sciences Anthropologiques de Développement(ISAD) Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan – Côte d’Ivoire.
iv
Simon AGANI, Etudiant en Master Histoire Université Abdou Moumouni du Niger
Goeti BiIrié Maxime, Gaille Elodie and Kiénon-KaboreTimpoko Hélène
Unité Pédagogique d’Archéologie de l’Institut des Sciences
Anthropologiques de Développement (ISAD)Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny / Cocody-Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire
Gaille Elodie2 Conservatrice en ethnobotanique Responsable de l’espace d’accueil et d’expositions / Jardin botanique de Neuchâtel Pertuis-du-Sault 58 / CH-2000 Neuchâtel
Asma’u Ahmed Giade (PhD), Department of Archaeology Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Oyinloye, O.Olanrewaju, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
Omoraiyewa Olaniyi, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
-
WAJA VOLUME 47
$50.00WEST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY
REVUE OUEST AFRICAINE d’ARHEOLOGIE
ISSN 0331-3158
Edited by
DAVID A. AREMU
Assisted by
JONATHAN O. ALERU
And OBARE B. BAGODO
Volume 47 (2017)
Published on Behalf of West African Archaeological
Association by the Editorial Board of WAJA
EDITORIAL
This is the First Volume of West African Journal of Archaeology on Line. The Journal had been in Publication for the past forty-six years. The first publication came out in 1971. We cannot forget the contributions of our heroes past who founded the journal: Late Prof. Thurstan Shaw, S.G.H. Daniels, Nicholas, David and Ekpo Eyo. Late Prof. Bassey Andah came on board of the journal in 1977 and 1978 as Assistant Editor, and Editor- in- chief in 1979 until 1997. Within the eighteen years of his services to WAJA he edited twenty-two Volumes with five of them being Special book issues. Such a committed leader needs to be remembered. Bassey Andah went to be with the Lord in 1997, some twenty years ago. We devote this volume to him in appreciation of his great contributions to the existence of West African Journal of Archaeology up till today.
He sustained the international standard of the journal and succeeded in winning more subscribers from within and outside Nigeria to patronize the Journal. He encouraged many of his younger colleagues to publish in the journal and the publication served as an invaluable source of academic information for scholars in Archaeology and Anthropology in West Africa and other parts of the world. Professor Andah was very much alive to the responsibility of sustaining and improving the Archaeology programme he inherited at the University of Ibadan. It is to his credit that this journal is still alive. It has become a challenge to the Editorial Board to ensure that the good works of this great scholar and others who had contributed to the survival of this International journal before and after him should not go into oblivion.
West African Journal of Archaeology publishes original research and review articles on the Archaeology, cultural resources and cultural history of West Africa in continental and global contexts. We welcome field reports and applied studies that use material culture and related sources to address community centered and environmentally sustainable development process and policies. Theoretical, scientific and policy topics that make use of indigenous knowledge systems are also integral to the goals of the journal.
Volume 47 (2017), have ten articles. Three of the articles are in French and the remaining seven are in English. They are research reports and applied studies from Benin Republic, Cameroon, Nigeria and Togo in commemoration of late Professor Bassey Andah. We encourage our readers to patiently go through each of the papers.
-
WAJA VOLUME 48
$50.00WEST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY
REVUE OUEST AFRICAINE d’ARHEOLOGIE
ISSN 0331-3158
Edited by
DAVID A. AREMU
Assisted by
JONATHAN O. ALERU
And OBARE B. BAGODO
Volume 48 (2018)
Published on Behalf of West African Archaeological
Association by the Editorial Board of WAJA
EDITORIAL
This volume is dedicated to Late Professor Kwesi Anquandah. He was one of the indigenous leaders of Archeological in Legon, Ghana. He was the first African Head of Department of Archeology in the University Of Legon Accra Ghana. He lived a honest Christian life. We missed him.
This is the Second Volume of West African Journal of Archaeology on Line. The Journal had been in Publication for the past forty-six years. The first publication came out in 1971. We cannot forget the contributions of our heroes past who founded the journal. Being on line, the journal has not departed from our primary set goals. It publishes original research and review articles on the Archaeology, cultural resources and cultural history of West Africa in continental and global contexts. We welcome field reports and applied studies that use material culture and related sources to address community centered and environmentally sustainable development process and policies. Theoretical, scientific and policy and topics that make use of indigenous knowledge systems are also integral to the goals of the journal.
Volume 48 (2018), have ten articles. Two of the articles are in French and the remaining eight are in English. They include Research Reports and applied studies from Canary Islands, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Israel and Nigeria. We encourage our readers to patiently go through each of the papers.
-
Traditional Birth Attendants and Maternal Health Service Delivery in a Community Health Project in South-western Nigeria: A qualitative study
$10.00Traditional Birth Attendants and Maternal Health Service Delivery in a Community Health Project in South-western Nigeria: A qualitative study
Kabiru K. Salami
Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract:
The practice of Traditional Birth Attendance (TBA) is restricted in Nigeria through regulations. This is due in part to lack of adequate information about their efficiency in service delivery. This study documents the profiles of TBAs trained by a non-governmental organization in the women’s health service delivery in rural communities of Oyo State, Nigeria. Qualitative approach was used to conduct nine In-depth interviews on training experiences and service delivery among the TBAs and 18 among their clients on user satisfaction. The TBAs rated the training they received as highly valuable to their practice. Clients were satisfied with the services received from TBAs but expressed displeasure on the work-environment of the TBAs. This study shows that TBAs’ practice can fill service gaps created by unavailability of orthodox healthcare professionals in an environment supported by little healthcare services. Community participation is found to be essential in the acceptance, operation and monitoring of TBAs in this resource-limited setting.
Key words: Community participation, Healthcare delivery, Traditional Birth Attendants, TBA training, Maternal and Child Healthcare, Rural health, Nigeria
-
A Contribution to Heritage and Islamic Archaeology of Bauchi Region, Northern Nigeria
$10.00A Contribution to Heritage and Islamic Archaeology of Bauchi Region, Northern Nigeria
Abubakar Sule Sani
Department of Archaeology
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
This paper attempts to appraise the influence of Islam and related thematic factors on socio-political developments in Bauchi region in the last 1500 years. It considered archaeological evidence from excavations of some sites from southern Bauchi area. Oral traditional sources were also used in the paper. Socio-political developments in the Bauchi region are highlighted by long distance trade, slave trade and other specialised processes of craft production. Islam would appear to have inspired the alteration of existing local political systems by the realignment of Islam into the mainstay socio-political structure of Kasar Bauchi; especially, in the early part of the 19th century after the Sokoto jihad ran by Uthman ibn Fodio. In addition, cultural developments in the region were also facilitated by population movements from Bornu, Kwararafa and other Hausa states. There is need for more studies by anthropologists and archaeologists interested in the influence of Islam on African societies in the last millennium. The work concludes that complementary use of sources such as archaeology and oral histories are vital to a better understanding of cultural developments in the region and beyond.
Keywords
Bauchi, jihad, oral traditions, archaeology, socio-political development
-
“Health Women, Healthy World”: A Theoretical Discourse of General Health Status of Women in Nigeria
$10.00Monica Ewomazino Akokuwebe
Dept. of Sociology, Faculty of the Social Sciences,
Okuku Campus, Osun State University -
WAJA VOLUME 52 2 FULL
$50.00WEST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY
REVUE OUEST AFRICAINE d’ ARCHEOLOGIEISSN 0331-3158
Edited by
David A. AremuAssisted by
Jonathan O. Aleru and Aicha Toure Gninin
Volume 52(1) 2022
Published on Behalf of West African Archaeological Association by the Editorial Board of WAJA
Editorial
1. Editorial Board
Ballouche, A. – Universite d’ Angers, France
Boachie-Ansah, J. – University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
Derefaka A.A. – University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Jemkur, J. – University of Jos, Nigeria
Okafor E.E. – University of Nsukka, Nigeria
Apoh W. – President, W.A.A.A. (Ex-Officio)
Kouassi K.S. – Treasurer, W.A.A.A. (Ex-Officio)
2. Advisory Board
Professor H. Bocoun
Professor T. Champion
Professor A.F.C. Holl
Professor J.B. Kiethega
Professor M.A. Sowunmi
Professor J. Mangut
Professor Isa Tijani
Editor-In-Chief: – David A. AremuUniversity of Ibadan, Nigeria
Associate Editors: – Jonathan O. Aleru (Anglophone)
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
– Aicha Toure GnininAssistante, Institut des Sciences
Anthropologiques de
Development (ISAD)
UFR-SHS Universite Felix
Honphouet – Biology Cocody –
Abidjan, Cote d’ IvoireBusiness Manager: – R.A. Alabi,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Assist. Business Managers: – Kingsley C. Daraojimba
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Z. A. Gundu,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
NigeriaNote to Contributors
Contributors are advised to follow our format in preparing their contributions. We do not
accept footnote referencing. All references must be compiled alphabetically at the end of the
paper with the surname of the authors coming first, followed by year of publication, then the
title of paper and the medium of publication. ALL ILLUSTRATIONS MUST BE DIGITIZED AND
SHOULD HAVE GOOD CONTRAST AND NOT BE TOO MANY. THEY SHOULD BE AT THE END OF
THE TEXT BEFORE THE LIST OF REFERENCES. An electronic copy of the text and the illustrations
should be sent with two hardcopies.
The software used must be indicated. However, we advise any of the following: Microsoft
Office-MS-Word, Adobe Page Maker7 or Word Perfect 8. All contributions not conforming to
the above requirements will be rejected.
Papers are to be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief:
Prof David A. Aremu; email, ([email protected])
Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Or
The Business Manager,
Prof Raphael A. Alabi, email, ([email protected])
Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.Waja Volume 52(1)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORSAkinwumi Ogundiran : University of North Carolina, Charlotte, United
State of America.
Babajide Olusoji Ololajulo: Department of Archaeology and
Anthropology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Orijemie Emuobosa Akpo: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Kola Adekola: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Olatomiwa K. Sarumoh and David Aremu Department of Archaeology
and Anthropology, University of Ibadan.
Adeola Adeitan Lameed, Francesca Chinyere Ukpokolo and David A. Aremu:
Department of Sustainability Studies, University of Ibadan and Department of
Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Ibadan.TABLE OF CONTENT
Akinwumi Ogundiran: Postcolonial Ordeal and the Emancipatory
Potentials of Archaeology/Anthropology Education in Nigeria.
Babajide Olusoji Ololajulo: Oke Afa memorial arcade and the burden
of remembrance in Nigeria. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology
University of Ibadan.
Orijemie Emuobosa Akpo: The Archaeobotanical and Palaeoecological Legacy
of ‘garden-based’ Agroforestry in the African Rainforest
Kola Adekola: An Insight to 50 years of Archaeological Research in Nigeria
Olatomiwa K. Sarumoh and David Aremu: Ethnographic Study of Drum
Making and its Significance among the People of Oyo.
Adeola Adeitan Lameed, Francesca Chinyere Ukpokolo and David A. Aremu: Àgbélé
Symbol and the Branding of ÌyámòpóMountain in Ìgbẹ́tìfor Heritage Tourism.Waja Volume 52(2)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Kola Adekola: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology
University of Ibadan
Ruivo Ferreira Burmann, André Luiz: Goethe University in Frankfurt am
Main/Germany.
Kyazike Elizabeth: Department of History and Political Science, Kyambogo
University.
David Akwasi Mensah Abrampah and Mark Henry Freeman: Department of Archaeology andHeritage Studies University of Ghana and Cirrus Oil Company, Ghana.
ỌLÁLE Ỵ́ Ẹ Samuel Káyo ḍ́ é and Oyelàdé Olúfikáyo
̣́Kúnlé: Department of Religious
Studies, University of Ìbàdàn̩ , Ìbàdàn̩ , Òỵ ó
̣State, Nigeria; Chapel of the Resurrection,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Monica O. Aneni: Department of Classics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Daniel Kenechukwu Chidiogo 1Ibeanu Anselm Maduabuchi and 1Eze-Uzomaka
Pamela: Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka -
Analyses of Mineral Composition of Potsherds from Iron Smelting Site in Ukehe and its Implications for Archaeological Investigation
$10.00Analyses of Mineral Composition of Potsherds from Iron
Smelting Site in Ukehe and its Implications for ArchaeologicalInvestigation
1*Daniel Kenechukwu Chidiogo 1Ibeanu Anselm Maduabuchi and
1Eze-Uzomaka Pamela
1Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria,
Nsukka
Analyses and classification of pots/potsherds from archaeological
excavations in most cases have been limited to the physical attributes
possessed by the pottery wares, such as decorative motifs and pottery
forms which further informs the functions of the pottery. Although
these criteria played significant role in archaeological interpretation,
there is limited research on the use of scientific techniques to interpret
the mineral components of potsherds, especially within the Nigerian
context. Therefore, in this research, we conducted fieldwork and did
excavation (which lasted for 3months) in Ukehe town of Igbo-Etiti
Local Government Area of Enugu State, and collected iron samples
and potsherds for analysis. We applied scientific techniques – X-Ray
Diffraction (XRD) and Scanned Electron Microscopy (SEM) – to
analyse the mineral composition of the potsherds and further broaden
the scope of our interpretation to highlight the sources of raw materials
and trade relationships between/within human societies (Ukehe and
neighbouring communities). Drawing from our results, we conclude
that the use of scientific technique is vital in archaeological
interpretation as it has the potential to expose more information about
the material remains discovered in different parts of South-eastern
Nigeria and their composition.
Keywords: Potsherd, X-Ray Diffraction, Micrograph, Ukehe, iron
smelting -
Prosopography of the Somatophylakes of Alexander the Great
$10.00Prosopography of the Somatophylakes of
Alexander the Great
Monica O. Aneni
Department of Classics
University of Ibadan
Email: [email protected]Abstract: Ancient authors such as Arrian, Polybius, Plutarch
and several others have dedicated a huge amount of literature
to the exploits and politics of Alexander the Great. Modern
scholars, drawing from the narrations of ancient authors, have
analysed several aspects of the times and life of this great leader
and those of his Diadochi. However, little attention has been
paid to the men who served as his bodyguards. This paper is
therefore designed to examine the biographies of the
somatophylakes of Alexander the Great, with a view to
understanding their roles throughout the period of Alexander’s
warring years until his death in 323 BC, as well as their
positions and influences post Alexander. The paper adopts a
historical methodology as it examines the times and lives of the
bodyguards. Plutarch’s ideology on biography is adopted as
framework. Further studies may examine the sphere of control
of the Diadochi and their roles in promoting Hellenistic culture
in Africa and the Near East after the demise of Alexander
[Keywords: Leadership, bodyguards, biography, the
Macedonian Empire] -
Gender Issues in Gẹ̀lẹ̀dẹ̀ Ritual Masks, Songs and Dance: Their Implications for Social Harmony and Family Stability
$10.00Gender Issues in Gẹ̀lẹ̀dẹ̀ Ritual Masks, Songs and Dance: Their
Implications for Social Harmony and Family StabilityBy
ỌLÁLẸ́YÉ Samuel Káyọ̀dé, PhD,
Department of Religious Studies,
University of Ìbàdàn̩, Ìbàdàn̩, Ọ̀yọ́ State, Nigeria
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 08036777305
and“yelàdé “lúfikáyọ̀Kúnlé PhD,
Chapel of the Resurrection,University of Ìbàdàn, Ìbàdàn, Ọ̀yọ́ State, Nigeria
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: +2348057078889&bstract
Gender relation and Peace building in Africa begin from individual
homes, communities and religious cults. Cults exist throughout the
world and there is nowhere the feminine tentacles do not reach in any
of these cults especially in Yorùbá society where various cults such as
Égúngún, Orò, Ọ̀ pá and Gè̀lè̀dẹ̀ are in operation. Gè̀lè̀dẹ̀, which is the
focus of this paper, is a public display by colourful masks of the Yorùbá
society that combines ritual dance and art to educate, correct social
behaviours, inspire worship, celebrate the power and spiritual
capacity of ancestral mothers (àwọn ìyá wa) and deities of the
community by imploring them to use their extraordinary powers for
the happiness of the society. It is an appeal to forces in the world
through the aesthetic power of masks, costumes, music and dance with
a view to shaping the society for the benefit of all since Gè̀lè̀dẹ̀ festival
promotes social harmony. It involves men, women, old as well as the
young. However, the number of female involved is larger than that of
the male members. Yet, the kind of love, respect and harmony that exist
among male and female members of the cult is unparalleled. One may
then ask, despite the fact that African continent is predominantly
patriarchal, how has the cult been able to ensure gender harmony?
Can this be emulated by every family in African society that could
propel peace building? This is what this paper tried to achieve. Twenty -
Slaves and Grains: Understanding the Role of Slaves and Grains in the History of Anomabu during the trans-Atlantic trade
$10.00Slaves and Grains: Understanding the Role of Slaves and Grains
in the History of Anomabu during the trans-Atlantic tradeDavid Akwasi Mensah Abrampah
(lead & corresponding author)
Department of Archaeology and Heritage StudiesUniversity of Ghana
Email: [email protected]
Mark Henry FreemanArchaeologist and former Community Relations Manager
Cirrus Oil Company, Ghana.
Abstract
In the years of the trans-Atlantic trade, Anomabu located at the west
coast of Ghana prospered and became renowned entrepót for large
volumes of trade goods, provisions, and slaves carried by both local
and European merchants to the New World. European trading
activities on the West African coast during the trans-Atlantic trade,
particularly, during the19th century improved this trade and generated
massive amount of wealth for those who participated in it. Although
documentary records give an indication of the Atlantic material culture
in Anomabu, there is limited understanding from these historical
sources alone. While the documentary sources describe the materials
that were traded as provisions to European slave ships in Anomabu,
the archaeological data comprising the excavated artefacts and the
extant ruins of Anomabu fort and other merchandises outlets give
further understanding of the materiality of the Atlantic era in
Anomabu. The trans-Atlantic materiality of Anomabu encompassed
materials such as grains, slaves and its associated material culture,
European/imported utilitarian materials, gun flint, and the built
environment, particularly Anomabu fort and other extant trading
outlets. This article explores how material engagement at Anomabu
shaped the structure and the organization of the trans-Atlantic trade
resulting from European-African interactions and give further
understanding of how Anomabu was incorporated into the Atlantic
world during nineteenth century.
Key words: Anomabu, provisions trade, Fort William, grains, slavery -
Preliminary comparative analyzes of prehistoric figurine traditions in Western Africa
$10.00Preliminary comparative analyzes of prehistoric
figurine traditions in Western Africa
Ruivo Ferreira Burmann, André Luiz
(Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main/Germany;Key Words: “Neolithic”, Iron Age, Nok Culture, Gajiganna
Complex, figurines.
Introduction
The article’s aim is to present the preconditions, the goals and
some work in progress of a PhD-project on the archaeological
context of prehistoric West African figurines1.
Being connected to the so-called “Frankfurt team” as a student
since 2011, the author evermore encountered the research on the
famous Central Nigerian Nok Culture. Funded by the German
Research Association (DFG) and in close cooperation with the
Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments,
as well as the University of Maiduguri respectively the
University of Jos and the Ahmadu Bello University Zaria in
Nigeria, the Goethe University is known for their work in
Northeastern Nigeria since 1989 (Breunig/Neumann 2002,
Magnavita 2004, Breunig 2004, 2005, Breunig et al. 2006, 2008)
respectively in Central Nigeria since 2005 (Rupp et al. 2005,
Breunig 2009a, 2009b, Rupp 2010, Breunig 2014, Breunig/Rupp
2016). -
A CONSIDERATION OF ETHICAL ISSUES IN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY
$10.00A CONSIDERATION OF ETHICAL ISSUES IN
ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGYBy
KOLA ADEKOLA
Department of Archaeology and AnthropologyUniversity of Ibadan
E mail: [email protected]Introduction
Archaeology is unique amongst all disciplines in that its data are non-
renewable. Once the archaeological data is destroyed, the informationthat can be derived from such data is lost.
As a result of this, professional bodies such as the Society for
American Archaeology (SAA); Archaeological Institute of America
(AIA); European Association of Archaeologists (EAA); Australian
Archaeological Association (AAA) and Society of Professional
Archaeologists (SOPA) which was founded in 1978 in America and
Archaeological Association of Nigeria have since their formation
concerned themselves with the need for a minimal level of expertise in
various areas of archaeological research. Not only this, the associations
aim at promulgating code of ethics for American, European and
Australian archaeologists. This function is a main concern of the World
Archaeological Congress at the global level. In many instances, the
tenets of the codes are applicable at all regions Nigeria inclusive.
In this paper, we are interested in examining amongst other things, the
professional responsibilities of archaeologists and anthropologists. -
WAJA VOLUME 52 1 FULL
$50.00WEST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY
REVUE OUEST AFRICAINE d’ ARCHEOLOGIEISSN 0331-3158
Edited by
David A. AremuAssisted by
Jonathan O. Aleru and Aicha Toure Gninin
Volume 52(1) 2022
Published on Behalf of West African Archaeological Association by the Editorial Board of WAJA
Editorial
1. Editorial Board
Ballouche, A. – Universite d’ Angers, France
Boachie-Ansah, J. – University of Ghana, Legon, Accra
Derefaka A.A. – University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Jemkur, J. – University of Jos, Nigeria
Okafor E.E. – University of Nsukka, Nigeria
Apoh W. – President, W.A.A.A. (Ex-Officio)
Kouassi K.S. – Treasurer, W.A.A.A. (Ex-Officio)
2. Advisory Board
Professor H. Bocoun
Professor T. Champion
Professor A.F.C. Holl
Professor J.B. Kiethega
Professor M.A. Sowunmi
Professor J. Mangut
Professor Isa Tijani
Editor-In-Chief: – David A. AremuUniversity of Ibadan, Nigeria
Associate Editors: – Jonathan O. Aleru (Anglophone)
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
– Aicha Toure GnininAssistante, Institut des Sciences
Anthropologiques de
Development (ISAD)
UFR-SHS Universite Felix
Honphouet – Biology Cocody –
Abidjan, Cote d’ IvoireBusiness Manager: – R.A. Alabi,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Assist. Business Managers: – Kingsley C. Daraojimba
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Z. A. Gundu,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
NigeriaNote to Contributors
Contributors are advised to follow our format in preparing their contributions. We do not
accept footnote referencing. All references must be compiled alphabetically at the end of the
paper with the surname of the authors coming first, followed by year of publication, then the
title of paper and the medium of publication. ALL ILLUSTRATIONS MUST BE DIGITIZED AND
SHOULD HAVE GOOD CONTRAST AND NOT BE TOO MANY. THEY SHOULD BE AT THE END OF
THE TEXT BEFORE THE LIST OF REFERENCES. An electronic copy of the text and the illustrations
should be sent with two hardcopies.
The software used must be indicated. However, we advise any of the following: Microsoft
Office-MS-Word, Adobe Page Maker7 or Word Perfect 8. All contributions not conforming to
the above requirements will be rejected.
Papers are to be submitted to the Editor-in-Chief:
Prof David A. Aremu; email, ([email protected])
Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Or
The Business Manager,
Prof Raphael A. Alabi, email, ([email protected])
Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.Waja Volume 52(1)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORSAkinwumi Ogundiran : University of North Carolina, Charlotte, United
State of America.
Babajide Olusoji Ololajulo: Department of Archaeology and
Anthropology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Orijemie Emuobosa Akpo: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Kola Adekola: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Olatomiwa K. Sarumoh and David Aremu Department of Archaeology
and Anthropology, University of Ibadan.
Adeola Adeitan Lameed, Francesca Chinyere Ukpokolo and David A. Aremu:
Department of Sustainability Studies, University of Ibadan and Department of
Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Ibadan.TABLE OF CONTENT
Akinwumi Ogundiran: Postcolonial Ordeal and the Emancipatory
Potentials of Archaeology/Anthropology Education in Nigeria.
Babajide Olusoji Ololajulo: Oke Afa memorial arcade and the burden
of remembrance in Nigeria. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology
University of Ibadan.
Orijemie Emuobosa Akpo: The Archaeobotanical and Palaeoecological Legacy
of ‘garden-based’ Agroforestry in the African Rainforest
Kola Adekola: An Insight to 50 years of Archaeological Research in Nigeria
Olatomiwa K. Sarumoh and David Aremu: Ethnographic Study of Drum
Making and its Significance among the People of Oyo.
Adeola Adeitan Lameed, Francesca Chinyere Ukpokolo and David A. Aremu: Àgbélé
Symbol and the Branding of ÌyámòpóMountain in Ìgbẹ́tìfor Heritage Tourism.Waja Volume 52(2)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Kola Adekola: Department of Archaeology and Anthropology
University of Ibadan
Ruivo Ferreira Burmann, André Luiz: Goethe University in Frankfurt am
Main/Germany.
Kyazike Elizabeth: Department of History and Political Science, Kyambogo
University.
David Akwasi Mensah Abrampah and Mark Henry Freeman: Department of Archaeology andHeritage Studies University of Ghana and Cirrus Oil Company, Ghana.
ỌLÁLE Ỵ́ Ẹ Samuel Káyo ḍ́ é and Oyelàdé Olúfikáyo
̣́Kúnlé: Department of Religious
Studies, University of Ìbàdàn̩ , Ìbàdàn̩ , Òỵ ó
̣State, Nigeria; Chapel of the Resurrection,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Monica O. Aneni: Department of Classics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Daniel Kenechukwu Chidiogo 1Ibeanu Anselm Maduabuchi and 1Eze-Uzomaka
Pamela: Department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka -
Àgbélé Symbol and the Branding of Ìyámòpó Mountain in Ìgbẹ́tìfor Heritage Tourism.
$10.00Àgbélé Symbol and the Branding of Ìyámòpó Mountain in
Ìgbẹ́tìfor Heritage Tourism.
by
Adeola Adeitan Lameed
Department of Sustainability Studies, University of Ibadan
Francesca Chinyere Ukpokolo and David A. Aremu
Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Ibadan
Abstract
This paper examined how the Àgbélé symbol can brand Ìyámòpó
Mountain a Twenty-first Century tourist site, attracting tourists to
Ìgb̀ ẹ̣́
̣̣́tì. Clifford Geertz’s Symbolic and Interpretive and Walt Whitman
Rostows’ Modernisation theories served as the framework. Qualitative
and quantitative approaches were adopted. Seventy-six informants
were interviewed while 212 questionnaires were administered to
tourists to determine how Àgbélé symbols can brand Ìyámòpó
Mountain. Content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data while
descriptive statistics were used to report the quantitative data. Àgbélé
rock pedestals with extraordinary aesthetic quality embody cultural
meanings for members of the Ìgb̀ ẹ̣̣̣́́tì community in Ọ̣́lo ̣̣́runsogo Local
Government and also serve as tourist’s attraction. An aggregate of
82.4%; 73%; 77.8% and 74% of the respondents agreed that tourists
can identify Ìyámòpó Mountain through Àgbélé symbol, Àgbélé
symbol can attract tourists to Ìyámòpó and can be used to brand
Ìyámòpó Mountain and other tourism resources, respectively. Using
cultural symbols can be employed to brand tourism destinations.
Keywords: Agbele hill, Tourism Destination, Symbol, Ìyámòpó
Mountain, Ìgb̀ ẹ̣́
̣̣́tì -
ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF DRUM MAKING AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE AMONG THE PEOPLE OF OYO
$10.00ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF DRUM MAKING AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE AMONG THE PEOPLE OF OYO
Olatomiwa K. SarumohAnd
Prof. David AremuDepartment of Archaeology and Anthropology
University of Ibadan.
Email: [email protected] and
[email protected]Abstract
Drum making is a very vital part of Yoruba cultural heritage, its use in
Yoruba folklore cannot be overemphasized. The erosion of cultural
technology in preference for new technologies is a problem for drumming
in Yoruba Land. The motivation of this research is to increase the empirical
understanding of the potential of the art and craft of drum making. This
paper attempts to assess the methods of production and preservation of
hides and other materials used in the production of local drums by the
indigenous people of Oyo town, and rationale how and why the methods
have changed over time. It also highlights the significance of the art of
drumming and drum making as an integral aspect of our cultural heritage.
Data were obtained using ethnographic methods. This project was carried
out among the people of Owode and Apini, Oyo East Local Government
Area, Oyo state.
Keywords: drums, drum-making, ethnography, Oyo, Yoruba land -
An Insight to 50 years of Archaeological Research in Nigeria
$10.00An Insight to 50 years of Archaeological Research in Nigeria
By
Kola AdekolaDepartment of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
E mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Tel: +234-8023374474ABSTRACT
Archaeology is perhaps one of the best barometers to examine 50years
of African study research in Nigeria. It is no gain saying that
archaeology has a central role in providing a holistic understanding of
Nigerian history both with regard to its temporal depth and
complexity. For the past five decades’ scientific research in archaeology
has witnessed an exponential growth from the pioneer efforts of
individuals like Thurstan Shaw, Bernard Fagg and Frank Willett. The
foundation by the pioneers is exemplified by Thurstan Shaw’s
archaeological investigations in Igbo-Ukwu and Iwo-Eleru in the
South Eastern and South Western Nigeria respectively. Arguably,
they were the benchmarks for archaeological investigations in the entire
West African region.
The tempo of archaeological research has improved tremendously
following these earlier works. This essay, therefore, critically examines
some of the archaeological researches conducted in Nigeria with the aim
of highlighting the trajectories of development. It also argues that
perhaps with more funding (for equipment, fieldwork exercise, dating);
training and re-training of archaeologists, the Nigerian field has a lot
of potentials in the understanding of the myriads of problems
confronting the Nigerian state in particular and the global community
in general.
Keywords: Archaeological research in Nigeria; Nigerian
archaeologist; Nok; Ife; Esie; Sungbo-Eredo -
The Archaeobotanical and Palaeoecological Legacy of ‘garden-based’ Agroforestry in the African Rainforest
$10.00The Archaeobotanical and Palaeoecological Legacy of
‘garden-based’ Agroforestry in the African RainforestBy
Orijemie Emuobosa Akpo
Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
[email protected]Abstract
Despite once being considered ‘pristine’ wildernesses, there is
emerging evidence that humans have had long-lasting legacies on
tropical forest structure, species distributions, and dynamics over the
course of millennia. In contrast to the Amazon, however, tropical
Africa has thus far been somewhat neglected in these discussions,
despite the significance of its forests to continental carbon and
hydrological cycles, global biodiversity, and human history, with much
debate focusing on the dichotomy of human versus climatic influence
on the so-called Holocene ‘Rainforest Crisis’. Here, I present and
evaluate novel and existing palaeoecological and archaeobotanical
datasets to provide more nuanced insights into past human impacts on
West African rainforests and their legacies in the 21st century.
Analyzing data from southern Nigeria, and regional archaeobotanical
datasets, I argue for the long-term presence of ‘Garden-based’
agroforestry in this part of the world, that has left signatures in the
form of economic plant distributions and environmental structure with
important implications for modern ecology, food security, and
conservation.
Keywords: Tropical rainforests, agriculture, ecosystem, cultural
niche construction, Nigeria -
Oke Afa memorial arcade and the burden of remembrance in Nigeria
$10.00Babajide Olusoji Ololajulo
Department of Archaeology and AnthropologyUniversity of Ibadan
Email: [email protected]Abstract: The Oke-Afa Memorial Arcade in Lagos, Nigeria was
built in honour of victims of the 2002 armoury explosion in Ikeja
military cantonment in the heart of Lagos city. This article,
following ethnographic study of the memorial site, examines theelement of neocolonial development praxis that embed in the Oke-
Afa project, and argues that the arcade to the extent of itsincompatibility with local consciousness about death and
memorialisation, provokes in Nigerians limited memory of victims
of Ikeja bomb explosions. The article focuses on the enactment of
colonial modernity suggested from the limited interaction with the
site. Specifically, it elaborates on how the relationship that the state
and the citizenry bear with the arcade produces the site as an
extraneous cultural artefact. The article concludes that public
memorials in Nigeria occur within the impulsiveness that birthed
many projects implemented by governments in Nigeria.
[Keywords: Public memorials, commemoration, collective
remembrance, honour, disaster monument, Ikeja bomb explosions] -
Postcolonial Ordeal and the Emancipatory Potentials of Archaeology/Anthropology Education in Nigeria
$10.00Postcolonial Ordeal and the Emancipatory Potentials of Archaeology/Anthropology Education in Nigeria
Akinwumi Ogundiran University of North Carolina, Charlotte Email: [email protected]
In response to the theme of this anniversary conference, “Archaeology, Anthropology, and National Development,” I make two arguments. First, that development of any kind will remain a mirage until we emancipate ourselves from the postcolonial ordeal weighing us down. Second, I explain that development is not synonymous with material or infrastructure, the same way that we cannot define a civilization by its monuments. We need a human-centered conception of development that includes the following attributes: Respect for human dignity and belief in the equality of all humankind irrespective of gender, ethnicity, race, or class, circumstances of birth, rank, or position; Consciousness of one’s history, heritage, and culture, and unapologetic desire to use it as an epistemological foundation for seeking solutions to contemporary problems and for anticipating the future ones; Belief in the possibility of a better tomorrow and commitment to work towards it; Security of life and property for everyone, not for the powerful only; Justice for all, not only for the rich and powerful. Any society that lives by these five principles will have good roads, a good education system, and good governance. It will drastically reduce, if not eliminate, poverty. Such a society will create jobs and have a social safety net for the homeless and the hungry. Today, we cannot claim to have any of these. Why not? -
AA TABLES OF CONTENTS WAJA 52 – 2
Table of Contents
Pages
Editorial Board:………………………………………………………….…………………..…ii
Note to Contributors:……..…………………………………..… ………………………………iii
List of Contributors:………………………………….………………………..……………….iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
Kola Adekola: A Consideration of Ethical Issues in Archaeology and Anthropology
Ruivo Ferreira Burmann, André Luiz:
Preliminary comparative analyzes of prehistoric figurine traditions in Wester Africa.Kyazike Elizabeth: Kansyore Crescents: Multipurpose Functional Tools and
Technological Complexity.David Akwasi Mensah Abrampah and Mark Henry Freeman: Slaves and Grains:
Understanding the Role of Slaves and Grains in the History of Anomabu during the trans- Atlantic trade.ỌLÁLẸ́YẸ Samuel Káyọ̀dé and Oyelàdé Olúfikáyọ̀ Kúnlé : Gender Issues in Gẹ̀lẹ̀dẹ́
Ritual Masks, Songs and Dance: Their Implications for Social Harmony and Family StabilityMonica O. Aneni: Prosopography of the Somatophylakes of Alexander the Great.
Daniel Kenechukwu Chidiogo 1Ibeanu Anselm Maduabuchi and 1Eze-Uzomaka
Pamela: Analyses of Mineral Composition of Potsherds from Iron Smelting Site in
Ukehe and its Implications for Archaeological Investigation -
AA TABLES OF CONTENTS WAJA 52-1
Table of Contents
Pages
Editorial Board:………………………………………………………….…………………..…ii
Note to Contributors:……..…………………………………..… ………………………………iii
List of Contributors:………………………………….………………………..……………….iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
Akinwumi Ogundiran: Postcolonial Ordeal and the Emancipatory
Potentials of Archaeology/Anthropology Education in Nigeria.Babajide Olusoji Ololajulo: Oke Afa memorial arcade and the burden
of remembrance in Nigeria. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology
University of Ibadan.Orijemie Emuobosa Akpo: The Archaeobotanical and Palaeoecological Legacy
of ‘garden-based’ Agroforestry in the African RainforestKola Adekola: An Insight to 50 years of Archaeological Research in Nigeria
Olatomiwa K. Sarumoh and David Aremu:Ethnographic Study of Drum
Making and its Significance among the People of Oyo.Adeola Adeitan Lameed, Francesca Chinyere Ukpokolo and David A. Aremu: Àgbélé Symbol and the Branding of Ìyámòpó Mountain in Ìgbẹ́tì for Heritage Tourism.
-
Pottery Traditions of the Earthworks of Southern Ghana: Test Excavation at the Site of Ngyeduam
$10.00J. Boachie-Ansah
Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies
University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, GhanaAbstract
Test excavation conducted 100 m away from an earthwork near Ngyeduam in the Central
Region of Ghana has produced pottery, a grindstone, ironslag, a corroded iron object, nuts of
Elaeis guineensis, bones of undomesticated animals and shells of Achatina achatina. It is not
known whether the pottery from the excavation is related to the construction of the earthwork
since no excavations were conducted in the earthwork. Five radio-carbon dates obtained for
the site suggest that it was occupied from the first half of the fifteenth century to the early
seventeenth century. Claims have been made that there is discontinuity between the pottery
associated with the earthworks of southern Ghana and a later Akan pottery which succeeded
the pottery associated with the earthworks in several sites of southern Ghana. This has often
been interpreted as evidence of a significant break in the cultural and/or demographic
continuity in the history of the southern forest area of Ghana, and that the earthworks of the
forest region of southern Ghana were not built by the Akan. Although it is not known
whether the pottery is associated with the earthwork, the pottery exhibits some characteristics
of the pottery found on earthworks sites known in the literature as the Earthworks Pottery and
Akan pottery. This ceramic evidence, as well as evidence from other sites, suggest continuity
between the pottery associated with the earthworks of southern Ghana and the pottery of the
Akan, whose ancestors, more than any other group, were probably the builders of the
earthworks. -
Challenges of Dating and Sequencing in West African Stone Age Archaeology Since the 1970s
$10.00Obarè B. Bagodo
Departement d‟histoire et d‟archéologie
Université d‟Abomey-Calavi,
Bénin RepublicIntroduction
The dating and sequencing of the human past started before, and continued with the inception
and the development of archaeology as a scientific discipline. This standpoint is important for
a fuller understanding of the dating and sequencing issues in the World Stone Age
Archaeology. It is also important for putting into perspective the use of radiometric dating
techniques as from the 1950s onwards with particular reference to West Africa. The
retrospective and prospective consideration of the West African case study since the 1970s is
emphasised.
After a long period of worldwide antiquarianism till the 19th century, the continuing
quest for dating and sequencing of human past led the Danish archaeologist Christian J.
Thomsen to propose in 1836 a-three-system of Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages. The same
motivation led the French antiquarian and archaeologist Jacques Boucher de Perthes to
undertake excavations at Abbeville, France, from 1837 to 1847. His publications between
1847 and 1860 established the first evidence associating human artefacts and bones of extinct
animals. In the same vein his “Celtic” and “Antediluvian” Antiquities anticipated the terms
“prehistory”, “palaeolithic” and “neolithic” asproposed by the English naturalist Sir John
Lubbock in 1865. In addition, from 1859 to 1871, the English naturalist Charles Darwin
established the evolutionary origin and development of plants, animals, and humans.
In the first half of the 20th century, new field techniques and global relative chronology
were achieved through: (i) the grid-square method pioneered by the English archaeologist Sir
Mortimer Wheeler; (ii) the criteria for chronological ranking of sites‟ evidence and the
problem-oriented stratigraphic excavation initiated by the American archaeologist Alfred
Kidder; and (iii) the pioneering use of pollen analysis in 1949-51 and the framing of five
evolutionary modes of Stone Age technology in 1969 by the English archaeologist Grahame
Clark. During the first half the 20th century, the South African archaeologist A.J.H. Goodwin
proposed in 1925 an African-centred two-stage subdivision of Earlier and Later Stone Age,
and in 1927 he suggested the term „Middle Stone Age‟. Finally in 1929 he co-authored with
C. Van Riet Lowe a synthesis titled The Stone Age cultures of South Africa.
From the second half of the 20th century and onwards, the breakthrough came with the
advent of the Radiocarbon (i.e. C14) dating technique between 1947 and 1949, followed by
the subsequent development of other radiometric/isotopic dating methods in the 1960s and
1970s. The Radiocarbon and other isotopic dating techniques have all revolutionized the
„absolute‟ dating and sequencing in the Stone Age Archaeology.
Such advances in the worldwide vision and technical skills of dating and sequencing of
Stone Age cultures have notably impacted the whole of Africa since 1947 with the Nairobihosted
1st Pan-African Congress for Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, and especially West
Africa since 1969 with the Ibadan-hosted Interdisciplinary Symposium on the role of
stratigraphy in geology and archaeology.
As a result, the retrospective and prospective emphasis of the African continental
picture as a whole with particular emphasis on the West African situation is herein taken into
account. The African picture is handled as a by-product of the world background challenges
and achievements in the dating and sequencing issues in the Stone Age Archaeology. -
Interpreting Benin Art Objects In Catalogues and Books as Indigenous Photographs Captured in Conventional Photography
$10.00Kokunre Agbontaen-Ekghofona
Department of Sociology and Anthropology
University of Benin
Benin CityAbstract
A number of Benin (Nigeria) art objects, particularly brass plaques have been recognized as
serving the purpose of mnemonics, to aid the recalling of events or persons represented in the
art work. After the dispersal of the Benin art works in1897, these art works were
photographed and documented in catalogues and books and found their way to various
museums worldwide. Catalogues and books such as Read and Dalton‟s Antiquities from the
City of Benin and Other Parts of West Africa in the British Museum (1899), Ling Roth‟s
“Personal Ornaments from Benin” (1899) Felix von-Luschan‟s Die Karl Knorr „sche
Sammlung von Benin-Alterumrn in Museum for Volkerkunde in Stutttgart, (1901) and Die
Altetumer von Benin” (1919) adequately presented several of these objects in photographs.
For numerous people, including Benin indigenes without actual physical contact with these
objects in museums and private collections, photographs serve as the only means of viewing
the objects. Using qualitative methods, this paper re-examines a photograph and the original
caption in light of the indigenous interpretation from ethnographic research and oral literature
in Benin City. How the photograph assists our understanding of Benin culture is highlighted.
Barthes‟ methods of structural analysis in photographic message is used, as a selected
photograph of brass plaque is examined and reinterpreted afresh from information gathered
from field interview in Benin City, Nigeria.